Minerva Mirabal Essays

Minerva Mirabal Essays Minerva Mirabal Paper Minerva Mirabal Paper In The Time of Minerva Malabar In my tenth grade writing class this year I had the chance to peruse a book that I had never pondered perusing. Incredibly, when I began perusing I couldnt stop. The book was named, In The Time of The Butterflies. This book talked about four sisters who were simply attempting to endure. One of the sisters, in any case, chose she wouldnt Just endure, she would battle. This young lady was known as Minerva Miramar, the straightforward butterfly. How might you treat your relatives and your dads fancy woman? With disdain and outrage Sibyl, or would you give them love like Minerva Miramar did? It takes a tough individual like Minerva to accomplish something as surprising as this. A tough individual that Is bound to change the world each life in turn, and she did Just that. Minerva Malabar Is the name of a lady that will in every case live on. She experienced a wide range of difficulties and barriers, however she persevered constantly. She was one of the indiv iduals, who in any event, during Truffles rule of fear never surrendered trust. All through Minerals time of revolting individuals frequently neglected to take a gander at Minerals life overall. Minerva Miramar was the little girl of a man named Unripe Miramar. She had three sisters, or so she thought. Part of the way through Minerals short life she got some answers concerning her dads fancy woman and Minerals other four sisters. From the start sight Minerva was shocked. She didn't believe that anything like this was conceivable. She even went similarly as slamming her vehicle into her dads while he was at his fancy woman house. What she did next was much all the more amazing. Minerva excused her dad. Pardoning her dad was Just a tad bit of what we think about Minerva Miramar. In any case, this Is sufficient to tell us what kind of individual she was. Minerva was the kind of individual that thought about others than herself. In any event, when she was In Jail she ensured that all the lady had what they required. Minerva continually put others before herself. When Minerva began to understand the problem her dad kicked himself in she off to help. On the off chance that Unripe Miramar wasnt ready to bring the young ladies cash or different things Minerva would. When Unripe kicked the bucket Minerva chose to enlist her more youthful sisters into school. Minerva needed to make everything workable for the young ladies that was feasible for her. She felt that it was her obligation to ensure that the young ladies grew up right. It is stunning to believe that even while Minerva was battling Trujillo system she would not abandon her family. She demonstrated this by dealing with her sisters. Not Just the ones that she grew up with, yet additionally the ones she scarcely got some answers concerning. This shows everybody how great of an individual Minerva was all around. She was as delicate as a butterfly and Just as decided. I realize that this exposition doesn't do Minerva Malabar Justice. I Just expectation that It gets individuals to begin to comprehend. I need this exposition to be the beginning of people groups comprehension of the Marsupials. When this paper is perused I wish that the peruser becomes as captivated in the people groups minds sometimes.

Overview of the New Colonies essays

Diagram of the New Colonies papers Life in maturing America was continually changing in the 1600's. For the states, hardships appeared inside pretty much every circle of life, including governmental issues, religion and financial matters. For those living in New England, Chesapeake, the Middle Colonies and the Caribbean, numerous components came into place now that would significantly affect their future turn of events. A portion of the first to prevail in North America were the states on the Chesapeake Bay, regardless of it's numerous troubles. Tobacco was a significant angle to Chesapeake society and along these lines (and the way that men were ordinarily esteemed as field hands rather than ladies) there was a lopsided equalization of men to ladies. Alongside this, there was a high demise rate in the early Chesapeake region . Typhoid fever and inevitably jungle fever, were the primary driver of this. Fortunately, numerous individuals got safe to these infections and wound up having longer futures than previously. Another increasingly close to home part of Chesapeake society was religion. In contrast to Virginia, where the Church of England was the set up chapel, Maryland was planned to be a shelter for English Catholics. Considerably after the Act for Religious Toleration was drafted and gone in 1649, strict pressure stayed among Catholics and Protestants. It must be noted in any case, that in spi te of the fact that the draft was one of resilience, it did exclude insurance of the individuals who were not strict. At long last, one of the most significant viewpoints to the Chesapeake area (and at last it's prosperity) was that of populace. There was an adjustment in the white populace and more individuals lived longer, began families and the men to ladies proportion developed nearer, nearly arriving at correspondence in 1690. By 1700 the Chesapeake was a totally better place than how it started. New England was the following settlement to thrive after the Chesapeake. New England comprised of Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New Haven and Rhode Island. There was a &q... <!

Coping With Astrophobia or the Fear of Outer Space

Coping With Astrophobia or the Fear of Outer Space Phobias Types Print Coping With Astrophobia or the Fear of Outer Space By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020  Christophe Lehenaff/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment The mysteries of outer space are intriguing for many Earthlings. But for some people, it turns to fear. Astrophobia is a severe and irrational fear of stars and space. It is one of the specific phobias that are related to a defined object or situation. For many, astrophobia is strongly connected to a fear of aliens. Films such as Alien play into the fear that hostile intelligent life may exist outside  of our own planet. Many of these films involve doomsday scenarios, in which life as we know it is threatened by an extraterrestrial attack. Connections to Other Fears Astrophobia may also be connected to fears of the dark, being alone, or being away from home. Movies such as Gravity address the cold emptiness of outer space. Astrophobia can also stem from a fear of space exploration, triggered by real catastrophes as the explosions of Space Shuttles Challenger and Columbia. The film Apollo 13 exposed the real danger that is associated with the space program. Symptoms If you have astrophobia, you arent just uneasy with the thought of space, stars, or alien life. You have a persistent fear and anxiety related to it possibly affecting your life. The symptoms of astrophobia are similar to those of other common phobias, which include: Shortness of breathAnxietyTremblingFeelings of terrorPanicRapid heartbeat Examples   Depending on the exact nature of your phobia, you may find yourself unable to watch films about aliens. You might be preoccupied with locations such as Roswell, New Mexico or Area 51 in Nevada. Obsessions with these places stem from conspiracy theories about unidentified flying object (UFO) sightings and claims of a government cover-up of alien interactions. You may retain a healthy skepticism about those theories, but worry about what it could mean if they were true. Exhibiting an interest in such a topic doesnt mean you suffer from astrophobia.  But if the interest turns to an obsession that can prove life-limiting, you should seek help from a mental health professional. Treatment Astrophobia can be treated in the same way as any specific phobia. The focus of treatment will be helping you to unlearn your negative beliefs about space. You will be taught healthier messages and coping skills to help you avoid panic. Types of treatment for astrophobia include: Cognitive-behavioral therapy: In this treatment, your therapist works with you to  gradually change the way you think, counteracting your automatic thought patterns that connect stars or space with danger.Psychotherapy: Traditional analysis with a therapist.Behavioral therapy: Reinforcing desirable behaviors and eliminating unwanted ones.Exposure therapy: Gradually reducing avoidance of stars and space and increasing exposure.Relaxation techniques: Focusing on healthy habits that reduce anxiety.Meditation: You can use this as a relaxation technique.Medications to treat anxiety: These may help in conjunction with other forms of therapy.

Online Finance Degree and a Secure Financial Future 2019

Do you often think about your future? Are you seriously thinking about securing your financial future? Do you think you need more know how and a degree to do the same? A degree in finance can be just the thing to achieve your dreams. If you feel your delayed progress at you current organization may improve if you had a degree. You no longer need to resign from your current job, you can continue to earn while you work towards achieving another professional degree for yourself. Go for an online program.There are a number of online finance colleges offering finance courses. You will be surprised by the variety of courses offered. To name a few, Capella University offers a Bachelor of Science in Business/Finance. This course provides extensive training in a number of areas such as Financial management, Public real estate, Corporate finance, Banking, Accounting, Auditing finance, and Estate planning. .u62806deb2408d18dd71cf0e9c2816211 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u62806deb2408d18dd71cf0e9c2816211:active, .u62806deb2408d18dd71cf0e9c2816211:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u62806deb2408d18dd71cf0e9c2816211 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u62806deb2408d18dd71cf0e9c2816211 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u62806deb2408d18dd71cf0e9c2816211 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u62806deb2408d18dd71cf0e9c2816211:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ The Development of Information TechnologyAuditing finance and estate planning are two elective classes, but Capella University accepts transferable credits and also life credits. Capella University also offers an online MBA Degree with a specialization in Finance. This extremely valuable degree is very helpful in increasing ones career opportunities. It is available online. Finance degrees for working professionals are also offered by College-Pages.com. This way, the work experience gained through out ones career can be converted into university degrees. It is associated with various schools and thus offers a very flexible fee plan. Besides this, College-Pages.com offers courses in finance having specialization in a diversity of areas to ascertain that the student has the best choices available according to his requirements. A number of other schools which offer such financial courses at the bachelors level are Colorado Technical University BS in Business Administration – Finance, University of Phoenix Online BS in Business/Finance, Warren National University BS, Business Administration – Finance, Jones International University BBA in Corporate Finance, American InterContinental University Bachelors (BBA) Accounting Finance, Kaplan University BSB/Finance. .u1b7987fb62878a2660467a41faf4f370 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u1b7987fb62878a2660467a41faf4f370:active, .u1b7987fb62878a2660467a41faf4f370:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u1b7987fb62878a2660467a41faf4f370 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u1b7987fb62878a2660467a41faf4f370 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u1b7987fb62878a2660467a41faf4f370 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u1b7987fb62878a2660467a41faf4f370:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Life is the Best Financial Planning EducationA number of schools also offer finance course at the masters level. Some of them are Jones International University MBA in Finance, American InterContinental University MBA Accounting Finance, and Kaplan University MBA/Finance. There are limitless options if you are interested in earning an online finance degree. As you grow in this field, you will experience a growth in your confidence and also your influence increase in every aspect of your life. Whether Business-related or otherwise. Make you financial future safe and enroll in an online finance degree course today. Related ArticlesFinancial Planning a Worthwhile CareerLearning Financial Planning From Online Colleges and Its Contribution to Your Net WorthAccounting Training Can Add Up to a Brighter Future for YouYour Financial Future with a Finance degreeBachelor Degree in Business Focus Business Career Options with an Emphasis in FinanceBachelor Degree in Business Online Improve Employment Prospects with Formal Training in Business .u789b5e0a483646bebabc236a68c00194 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u789b5e0a483646bebabc236a68c00194:active, .u789b5e0a483646bebabc236a68c00194:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u789b5e0a483646bebabc236a68c00194 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u789b5e0a483646bebabc236a68c00194 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u789b5e0a483646bebabc236a68c00194 .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u789b5e0a483646bebabc236a68c00194:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ An Introduction to Computer Programming

The Theory Of Psychology And Psychology - 2418 Words

Behaviorism Cassie E Blocker Lonestar Community College Author Note This paper was prepared for Psychology 2301 taught by Dr. Anne Perucca Introduction It’s a common misconception that you need to be in a research lab or academic setting to witness elements of psychology in action. The reality is that psychological theories are used almost constantly in our daily lives. Many of these theories are, in fact, a fundamental part of our daily interactions with one’s self and with others. A great example of â€Å"everyday psychology† is demonstrated in the theory of behaviorism; from a teacher using rewards and incentives to finish homework, to a mother using cookies to convince her child to finish his or her vegetables. Behaviorism itself is the study of all observable behaviors we exhibit. More importantly, behaviorism explores ways to influence these behaviors using positive and negative reinforcements. Some may consider this as a form of manipulation, but it’s important to remember that manipulation isn’t always a bad thing! The study of behaviorism has, in many ways, shaped what we know about the human condition, and also raised many questions. Study of behavior is an almost instinctual part of the human psyche. Learning how people behave and why, helps us learn what motivates us. Early behaviorists learned that they could study the overt behaviors of animals instead of trying to ask them questions to see what they were thinking (a highly unproductiveShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Psychology Module 1. Explain how a person committed to each of the following contemporary perspectives would explain human aggression. a. Psychodynamic: A person committed to psychodynamics would see that human functions are based on the interaction of drives and forces within the unconscious mind of a person. This influences different structures of the personality of the person as well. In addition, a person that is committed to psychodynamics would believe that the fundamentalRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology859 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout long history of psychology, there are many brilliant and remarkable psychologists who grew psychology longing as 21st century, today. They have contributed many theories, ideas, and experiments that made study of human mind and behavior much more noble and interesting. As psychology grow older and older, there are many different types of branches that were created, such as psychoanalysis, behavior, cognitive, evolutionary, and developmental. Each branches have changed way society worksRead MoreThe Psychology Theory Of Psychology Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pag esWhen we think about psychology, it is normally thought about the study of the brain, the conscious and unconscious mind. However, there are many different divisions within the psychology field that focus on specific areas that introduce different theories. One of the divisions is the theory of Behaviorism. This theory was developed by John B. Watson and B.F Skinner. The theory implies that environmental stimulus can affect someone’s behavior. This behavioral psychology focuses on how a humans orRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology947 Words   |  4 Pages Before psychology consolidated it self as the school of thought we have come to know today, it went through a number of theoretical adjustments. Freud and Watson became pioneers of two different approaches. Psychodynamics and Behaviorism could be argued to be two of the most pivotal influences on psychology. To really grasp their value we have to understand their individual philosophical influences, founders and their theories. Both have expanded the growth of psychology as a science, but withRead MorePsychology And The Theory Of Psychology999 Words   |  4 Pages Psychology in a continuously growing tree with its roots stemming from the study of reality and knowledge known as philosophy first studied by ancient Greece (Wiley 8). It can be defined as the study of behaviours and mental processes in which behaviours are observable activities, and mental processes include all internal thoughts and emotions. Psychologists often have one (or more) of four goals in mind when they co nduct research: describing, explaining, predicting, or controlling (5-6). Read MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1819 Words   |  8 PagesHistorically psychology has tried to establish a unified approach using structuralism. Structuralism explores the structure of the human mind by analysing consciousness into component parts. Psychologists later excluded structuralism in exchange towards functionalism (Magnavita, 2005). Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and the mind. While behaviour can be directly observed for example through actions and responses, the mind cannot directly be seen for example thoughts. Psychology trustsRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology3461 Words   |  14 Pagesopen fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.† — Charles Darwin While psychology of today follows the discipline’s rich and varied history, the origins of psychology show incomparable differences from the modern understanding of the field. From the beginning, psychology has been tested and bombarded with a tremendousRead MoreThe Theories Of Psychology And Psychology1844 Words   |  8 PagesPsychology is the study of the human mind, it is very complex and it is the source of all thoughts and behaviors. Psychologists study the cognitive, emotional, and social processes by observing, interpreting, and recording how individuals relate to one another and their environments. They take human behavior as data for testing their theories about how the mind works and use human behavior as a clue to the workings of the mind. Everything a person does, think, feel and say is determined by the functioningRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1599 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology first started in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt who founded the first lab oratory which specialized in psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Wundt used controlled experiments to investigate the mind by using a method called introspection which examined an individual’s mental state to gain an understanding of how our mind works. This approach became known as Structuralism, deals with the study of the conscious mind, with the idea that the conscious mind can be broken down into basicRead MorePsychology Theories And Theories Of Psychology984 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theories and beliefs about where psychopathology originates from, that is the beauty of psychology. We can have different views that match or mismatch-specific clients and the services they are seeking, but each approach is beneficial one way or the other. To me, psychopathology originates from our thoughts. The causes of human suffering are problematic thoughts or beliefs. Our thoughts play such an important role in our behaviors and actions. If we have a problem atic thought, this

Human Biology Digestive and Urinary System Essay Free Essays

Abstract The human body needs to maintain proper homeostasis to survive. There are several different organ systems in the human body. Two of those systems are the digestive system and the urinary system. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Biology Digestive and Urinary System Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both systems remove waste from the body but in an entirely different way. They also maintain homeostasis within our blood stream. Both systems are critical for survival. This paper will describe how each of those systems works on its own and also how they work together to maintain homeostasis for the body. How the Urinary and Digestive Systems Work Together to Maintain Homeostasis The digestive system works to bring nutrients into the body with a series of hollow organs working together extending from the mouth to the anus. These hollow organs are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. These hollow organs make up the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract is aided by four accessory organs, the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Johnson) There are five basic processes of the digestive system. These processes are motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, and excretion. Motility is the mechanical processing and movement of food taken into the body. Chewing breaks food into smaller pieces, and two types of movement mix the contents of the lumen and propel it forward. The lumen is the inside lining of the GI tract. Secretion is the fluid, digestive enzymes, acid, alkali, bile, and mucus that are secreted into the GI t ract at various places. Digestion is where the contents of the lumen are broken down mechanically and chemically into smaller and smaller particles, culminating in nutrient molecules. Absorption is what happens when the nutrient molecules pass across the GI tract and into the blood. Elimination is all of the undigested material is eliminated from the body through the anus. (Johnson) These GI tract and the four accessory organs of the digestive tract work together to complete the five processes in order to bring nutrients into the body, and eliminate waste. The large intestine absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste. The small intestine absorbs nutrients and water. The water and nutrients absorbed from the intestines go into the blood stream . (Johnson) The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The ureters, bladder, and urethra transport and store urine until it is eliminated from the body. The kidneys produce urine. Urine is the nitrogenous waste removed from the blood stream. It is essential to the body to remove this waste in order to maintain homeostasis. (Johnson) The kidneys perform all of the main functions in the urinary system. They regulate water levels in the body. When you take in water every day it is up to the kidneys to excrete the excess water or to conserve as much as possible. The kidneys have a great capacity to adjust water excretion as necessary. Normally with a minimum of a half liter per day to one liter per hour. (Johnson) The kidneys also regulate the nitrogenous waste and other solutes in our blood. One waste that is toxic to our cells is ammonia. Ammonia is detoxified quickly by the liver by being combined with carbon dioxide to create urea. Urea is the main waste product in urine. Sodium and chloride are both regulated by the kidneys as well. Sodium and chloride are both very important to determine the volume of extracellular fluids, like blood. This directly affects blood pressure. (Johnson) Other substances that the kidneys regulate are potassium, calcium, hydrogen, and creatinine. It is up to the kidneys to maintain homeostasis with each of these substances. Creatinine is a waste product that is produced during metabolism. This is one of the wastes that give urine a yellow color. Johnson) The digestive system removes nutrients and water from the food that we eat and drink and transports it to our blood stream. Any solid wastes that are unable to be digested are then eliminated from the GI tract. Our urinary system then removes any of the unwanted and unneeded substances and wastes from the blood stream and excretes them in urine. This is how homeostasis is maintained in our body with waste, so that there is no toxic build up in our body from certain substances. Homeostasis is critical to be maintained within the body for survival. Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing. (Marieb) All living things must maintain an internal environment compatible with life, and the range of chemical and physical conditions compatible with life is very narrow. (Johnson) In order for the digestive and urinary systems to work together to maintain homeostasis both systems must be functioning properly. First we consume food and water. Then our digestive system absorbs the nutrients and water into our blood stream. Once the nutrients and water is in our blood stream our urinary system the filters the blood and removes any additional waste and maintains the proper homeostasis with the nutrients we consume. If our digestive system is not functioning properly then we are not able to absorb the proper nutrients and fluids in order to allow our kidneys to filter our blood and maintain homeostasis. If our urinary system is not functioning properly than the nutrients and fluids we consume can cause a buildup in our blood stream of toxic wastes and fluids and throw off homeostasis. Either way it would be detrimental to our body for this to happen. Our blood pressure would be affected severely and this would cause issues with not only our cardiovascular system but also our respiratory system. It is critical to keep both systems healthy to ensure that our body’s have the proper water and nutrients to survive and that all waste is secreted from our systems. References Johnson, Michael D. Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues-sixth edition. Pearson Education. 2012. Print. Marieb, Elaine Nicpone. Essentials oh Human Anatomy and Physiology-tenth edition. Pearson Education. 2012. Print. How to cite Human Biology Digestive and Urinary System Essay, Essay examples

pancreatitis Essays - Pancreas Disorders, Pancreatitis,

Etiology of Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas. It occurs when pancreatic cells are damaged or there is a blockage of pancreatic enzyme secretion. The digestive enzymes within the pancreas are activated within its own tissues instead of the duodenum (Marchiondo, 2010). It is very serious and can be deadly. It falls under two different classifications, acute or chronic. Acute pancreatitis is brought on suddenly and is characterized by edema and inflammation confined to the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis is an inflammatory disorder characterized by a progressive destruction of the pancreas over an extended period of time (Smeltzer et al, 2010). Regardless of the type of pancreatitis, it is important to be aware of common causes. Some causes of pancreatitis are biliary tract disease, alcohol abuse, trauma and viral or bacterial disease. Biliary tract disease causes gallstones to get lodged in the common bile duct at the Sphincter of Oddi. Occasionally the gallstones can also block the flow of digestive enzymes from the pancreas since both the bile ducts and pancreas ducts drain from the same opening. This results in inflammation of the pancreas. It is known as gallstone pancreatitis. This is the single most common cause of acute pancreatitis, followed closely by alcohol. While alcohol is the second most common cause of acute pancreatitis, it is the leading cause of chronic pancreatitis. Alcohol consumption leads to the formation of protein plugs that block pancreatic outflow. In up to 70% of adult patients, chronic pancreatitis appears to be caused by alcoholism (Roberts et al, 2008). Damage from alcohol abuse may not appear for many years, and then a person may have a sudden attack of pancreatitis. It can also develop in a patient with weekend binging habits. A patient may suffer from pancreatitis after a large alcohol load has been consumed. Pancreatitis incidents are on the rise, and it is attributed to an increase in alcohol consumption (Roberts et al, 2008). Unlike trauma, there is no universally accepted explanation as to why certain alcoholics are predisposed to developing pancreatitis. Blunt abdominal trauma is considered to be the cause of one fifth of all cases of traumatic pancreatitis (Kingsnorth It may result in contusion, parenchymal fracture or ductal disruption. Blunt injury may crush the gland across the spine. Pancreatic injury occurs more often in penetrating injuries than in blunt abdominal trauma. As rare as trauma induced pancreatitis is, infections cause even fewer incidents. Various infections and diseases can cause pancreatitis. Viral causes include mumps, Epstein-Barr, coxsackievirus, echovirus, varicella-zoster, and measles. Bacterial causes include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infectious agents that are increasingly associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection can also cause pancreatitis (Kingsnorth While biliary tract disease, alcoholism, trauma and infection can cause pancreatitis; they are by no means the only causes, nor are they certain to induce pancreatitis. Many factors, some understood and some not, play into it. As far as the outcome of pancreatitis, it would seem that age is not a factor. Studies have shown that no matter the etiologies or severity of pancreatitis in younger verses. older patients the clinical outcome is no different (Kim It is good to know that age will not negatively impact something as serious as pancreatitis. References Kim, J., & Hwang, J. (2012). The clinical outcome of elderly patients with acute pancreatitis is not different in spite of the different etiologies and severity. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(1), 256-260. Kingsnorth, A., & O'Reilly, D. (2006). Acute pancreatitis. British Medical Journal, 332(7549), 1072-1076. Marchiondo, K. (2010). Acute pancreatitis. Medsurg Nursing, 19(1), 54-55. Roberts, S., Williams, J., Meddings , D., & Goldacre, M. (2008). Incidence and case fatality for acute pancreatitis in England. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 28, 931-941. Smeltzer, S., Bare, B., Hinkle, J., & Cheever, K. (2010). Textbook of medical-surgical nursing. (12 ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1181-1189). New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins